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Interpersonal attraction
Interpersonal attraction is the attraction
between people which leads to
friendships
and
romantic relationships.
The study of interpersonal attraction is a
major area of research in social psychology.
Interpersonal attraction is related to how
much we like,
love,
dislike, or hate someone.
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It can be viewed as a force
acting between two people that tends to draw
them together and resist their separation.
When measuring interpersonal attraction, one
must refer to the qualities of the attracted
as well as the qualities of the attractor to
achieve predictive accuracy.
It is suggested
that to determine attraction, personality
and situation must be taken into account.
Repulsion is also a factor in
the process of interpersonal attraction,
one's conception of "attraction" to another
can vary from extreme attraction to extreme
repulsion. |
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Causes
Many factors leading to interpersonal
attraction have been studied. The most
frequently studied are: physical
attractiveness, propinquity, familiarity,
similarity, complementarity, reciprocal
liking, and reinforcement.
Similarity
The notion of �birds of a feather flock
together� points out that similarity is a
crucial determinant of interpersonal
attraction. according to Morry�s
attraction-similarity model (2007), there is
a lay belief that people with actual
similarity produce initial attraction.
Perceived similarity develops for someone to
rate others as similar to themselves in
on-going relationship. Such perception is
either self-serving (friendship) or
relationship-serving (romantic
relationship). Newcomb (1963) pointed out
that people tend to change perceived
similarity to obtain balance
relationship.
additionally, perceived similarity was found
to be greater than actual similarity in
predicting interpersonal attraction.
Similarity in different aspects
Findings suggest that interpersonal
similarity and attraction are
multidimensional constructs (Lydon, Jamieson
& Zanna, 1988), in which
people are
attracted to others who are similar to them
in demographics, physical appearance,
attitudes, interpersonal style, social and
cultural background, personality, interests
and activities preferences, and
communication and social skills. a study
conducted by Theodore Newcomb (1961) on
college dorm roommates suggested that
individuals with shared background, majors,
attitudes, values, and political views
became
friends. |
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Physical appearance
The matching hypothesis proposed by Goffman
(1952) suggests why people become attracted
to their partner. It claims that people are
more likely to form long standing
relationships with those who are equally
physically attractive as they are. |
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The study by Walster and
Walster (1969) supported the matching hypothesis by
showing that partners who were similar in terms of
physical attractiveness expressed the most liking for
each other.
Murstein (1972) also found evidence that supported the
matching hypothesis: photos of dating and engaged
couples were rated in terms of attractiveness.
a
definite tendency was found for couples of similar
attractiveness to
date or engage. |
attitudes
according to the �law of attraction� by byrne (1971), attraction
towards a person is positively related to the proportion of
attitudes similarity associated with that person. Clore (1976)
also raised that the one with similar attitudes as yours was
more agreeable with your perception of things and more
reinforcing s/he was, so the more you like him/her. based on the
cognitive consistency theories, difference in attitudes and
interests can lead to dislike and avoidance (Singh & Ho, 2000;
Tan & Singh, 1995) whereas similarity in attitudes promotes
social attraction (byrne, London & Reeves, 1968; Singh & Ho,
2000). Miller (1972) pointed out that attitude similarity
activates the perceived attractiveness and favorability
information from each other, whereas dissimilarity would reduce
the impact of these cues. The studies by Jamieson, Lydon and
Zanna (1987, 1988) showed that attitude similarity could predict
how people evaluate their respect for each other, and social and
intellectual first impressions which in terms of activity
preference similarity and value-based attitude similarity
respectively. In intergroup comparisons, high attitude
similarity would lead to homogeneity among in-group members
whereas low attitude similarity would lead to diversity among
in-group members, promoting
social attraction and achieving high
group performance in different tasks (Hahn & Hwang, 1999).
although attitudinal similarity and attraction are linearly
related, attraction may not contribute significantly to attitude
change (Simons, berkowitz & Moyer, 1970) |
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Social and
cultural background
byrne, Clore and Worchel (1966) suggested people with similar economic
status are likely to be attracted to each other. buss & barnes (1986)
also found that people prefer their
romantic partners to be similar in
certain demographic characteristics, including religious background,
political orientation and socio-economic status.
Personality
Researchers have shown that interpersonal attraction was positively
correlated to personality similarity (Goldman, Rosenzweig & Lutter,
1980). People inclined to desire romantic partners who are similar to
themselves on agreeableness, conscientiousness, extroversion, emotional
stability, openness to experience (botwin, buss, & Shackelford, 1997),
and attachment style (Klohnen & Luo, 2003).
Interests and activities
activity similarity was especially predictive of liking judgments, which
affects the judgments of attraction (Lydon, Jamieson & Zanna, 1988).
Lydon and Zanna (1987, 1988) claimed that high self-monitoring people
were influenced more by activity preference similarity than attitude
similarity on initial attraction, while low self-monitoring people were
influenced more on initial attraction by value-based attitude similarity
than activity preference similarity.
Social skills
according to the post-conversation measures of social attraction,
tactical similarity was positively correlated with partner satisfaction
and global competence ratings, but was uncorrelated with the opinion
change and perceived persuasiveness measures (Waldron & applegate,
1998).
attraction =
friendship
Warren Kubitschek and Maureen Hallinan, University of Notre Dame, social
psychologists who suggested that attraction is the result of the
propinquity and similarity effects and the status of each party
involved. Their study was about the tracking program that organizes
students according to their level of ability to learn. This is mostly
implemented in middle and almost all of high school. Their goal is to
prove that students on the same track have a higher probability of
becoming friends compared to those in different tracks according. Other
organizational based groupings should also follow these factors. The
propinquity effect creates an ideal environment where students are in
close physical proximity with each other and have the chance to build
familiarity that leads to friendship. Similarity in tracking students is
important because they found that track students tend to become friends
with others who have the same academic achievement and expectations as
themselves. They also found that students on the same level of status
concerning grades will likely name them than those who are on lower
level than their own. They conclude that although the factors mentioned
do have great influence on friendship, they are not exclusive for
organized program like tracking.
attraction =
romantic Relationship
The triangular theory of love by Robert Sternberg is based on intimacy,
passion, and commitment. Consummate love being the strongest type of
love which consists of three aspects: intimacy+passion+commitment. The
idea of this theory is that love can consist of one component alone or
any combination of the three parts: intimacy, passion, and commitment.
There are many factors taken into account when a
relationship turns into
love. One big factor is culture. This is a common issue among two people
who come from very different cultural backgrounds. In a study done by
Phillip Shavers and his colleagues, they interviewed participants from
different parts of the world and found that love has "similar and
different meanings cross-culturally. The Chinese participants had
several different love concepts such as "sorrow-love","tenderness-pity",
and "sorrow-pity". This ties into another study done by Rothbaym and his
partner Tsang in 1998 in which they researched popular love songs from
american and Chinese artists. The difference was that the Chinese love
songs "had significantly more references to suffering and to negative
outcomes than the american love songs". This may be due to beliefs that
interpersonal relationships are predestined, and thus have no control
over love lives.
breaking Up
breaking up is the ending of a relationship whether its a friendship or
romantic relationship. There are several reasons that a relationship may
come to an end. One reason derives from the equity theory (rewards and
costs are equal to both parties), if a person in the relationship feels
that the costs of them being in the relationship outweigh the rewards
there is a strong chance they will end the relationship, this also may
go for the rewards outweighing costs in some cases.
Sources:www.wikipedia.com
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